American Art and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Art and Architecture - Essay Example Pop Art can be defined as an art movement that appears in the mid of 1950s in Britain and late 1950s in the U.S. The movement was authoritatively inaugurated by Lawrence Alloway in his article. Pop art resulted to a challenge to the custom of fine art by the inclusion of imagery from the common culture which includes news, advertising among others. In pop art, material can be visually eliminated from its setting, isolated or it can be mixed with unrelated material. The pop art concept denotes not as abundant to the skill itself as to the height that resulted to it. Pop art engages the mass culture aspects which includes comic books, advertising and ordinary cultural objects. It is majorly interpreted as a response to the then leading concepts of abstract expressionism, including development upon them. Due to the use of found objects and photos it is the same as Dada. The objective of pop art is to employ general images as opposed to exclusive culture in art, highlighting the kitschy or banal basics of any assumed culture, most frequently by the use of satire. It can also be associated with the utilization of mechanical ways of rendering or reproduction techniques by the artist. Pop art is taken to be an art of drive that head postmodern art or some of the examples given earlier of the postmodern art. Pop art frequently takes as its images which are currently used as advertising.

Nike Promotion Essay Example for Free

Nike Promotion Essay Another important factor in economy is the maturing market in athletic shoes. There is also a growing adverse demographic change in the marketplace brought about by the sweatshop expose that Nike has not overcome yet. Effects to Nikes growth are also affected not only by domestic economy but also by the international economy. The continued weak Euro and Asian recession could potentially hurt Nikes international sales and growth. Nikes extreme sports product line is seen as inferior quality compared to competitors and is hurting sales and brand image. CUSTOMERS In 1998, Americans spent $38 billion to buy over 1. 1 billion pairs of shoes. Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association revealed that athletic footwear makes up almost 35% of all footwear purchases. The existing domestic industry focus is on casual and comfortable shoes. Demand is up for the brown shoe casual footwear with a comfortable and rugged design. This is because of the increasing number of workplaces allowing casual dress codes. Multinational customers account for a large part of Nikes sales. In 1995, Nikes international operations accounted for 36. 6 of its total revenues. The company believes that demands from international markets will increase in future. Nike must cater to a large portion of the new generation that demands the latest trends and styles. Nike should take into account the changing US demographics due to the rising proportion of Hispanics, Asians, and African Americans. These groups have different preferences that Nike should be able to satisfy. Nike should i dentify the next generation of loyal customers and provide for their needs. COMPETITION Competition is very fierce due to the number of companies competing for sales. Lots of money goes to marketing and promotions using various channels to reach the young demographic group of consumers who spend the most money on Nikes products. Growth is slowing down in the athletic footwear industry. But new markets are emerging with high growth rates. These markets include extreme sports market and the corporate merchandise market. Nikes global market share was an impressive 30. 4% in 1998. The closest competitor, Adidas, held 15. 5% of the market share while Reebok held 11. 2%. The remaining competitors, including Fila, Timberland, Asics, Converse, and New Balance, among others, each hold approximately 3-5% of the remaining market share. MARKETING ASPECTS OBJECTIVES Nikebiz. com stated that Nikes mission statement is â€Å"Through the adoption of business practices Nike is committed to securing intergenerational quality of life, restoring environment and increasing value for our customers, shareholders and business partners. † Nike shows passion for their company, products, and athletes. They are determined to provide consumers with comfort and assurance. They also find ways to innovate and create. They adhere to their five brand principles namely: inspire, innovate, focus, connect, and care. Another Nikes objective is â€Å"to be the worlds leading sports and Fitness Company. Nikes mission statement is similar to a vision statement and is potentially a weakness. The mission identifies the sports and fitness industry business they are in, it does not specify as to what products and services they provide. The mission statement does not mention distribution channels and customers. However, it portrays managements beliefs and the desire to be number one and remain in the leading position in sports and fitness shoe and apparel industry. STRATEGIES Corporate Strategies. The past two decades saw a change in economy from â€Å"standardized† to flexible†. Having a strict corporate organization used to be the rule, now it is common to have a flexible organization that uses subcontracting. The main reason Nike succeeded in competing in the footwear industry for a long time is because they remain flexible in an unpredictable market by subcontracting overseas in countries with low labor-cost. Another reason for Nikes strength in competition is their product differentiation. Aside from athletic shoes, Nikes product line now offers a broad range of clothing, equipment and accessories. TACTICS Nikes distinctive tactics are found in the area of marketing, specifically in consumer brand awareness and brand power. Nikes catch phrases like, Just Do It, and symbols like the Nike Swoosh, are reminders of the Nike empire. This tactic is effective because it could not be easily replicated and it offers value or benefit to consumers. Nike is becoming a part of American and world culture, the brand power becomes more difficult to replicate. The trademark and a slogan serves as the companys fingerprints. Nike is able to capitalize the unique identity due because of its financial strength. Nike reaches millions of consumers through large-scale marketing campaigns. The public benefits from the strength of Nikes image when they make a purchase. Consumers often associate Nike image with quality products. By associating star athletes and motivational slogans like, Just Do It, consumers identify their purchases with the prospect of achieving greatness. This image they create forms a tactic that competing companies can not easily duplicate by simply improving their products. PRODUCT Nike sells a huge variety of products, including shoes for running, basketball, cross training, Women and children. All of which are currently its top-selling product categories. Nike also sells shoes for outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, auto racing and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike began selling active sports apparel in 1979 as well as athletic bags and accessory items. The company sells a line of performance equipment under the Nike brand name, such as sport balls, timepieces, eyewear, skates, bats and other equipment. They also sell a line of dress and casual footwear and accessories for men, women and children under the brand name Cole Haan. The company markets headwear under the brand name Sports Specialties, through Nike Team Sports, Inc. They also sell small amounts of various plastic products to other manufacturers through Nike IHM, Inc. Bauer Nike Hockey Inc. manufactures and distributes ice skates, skate blades, in-roller skates, protective gear, hockey sticks and hockey jerseys and accessories under the Bauer and Nike brand names Pricing Strategies Nike uses vertical integration in pricing wherein they own participants at differing channel levels or engage in more than one channel level operations. This is also an attempt to control costs and influence pricing practices. PLACE Distribution channels and policy. Should additional channels be added, why? Nike sells its product to about 20,000 retail accounts in the U. S. and in approximately 110 countries around the world. Nike sells its products in international markets through independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries. Independent distributors has little or no pressure for local adaptation because the 4Ps of marketing are managed by distributors. PROMOTION Nike has been one of the top retail industries for quite along time. This is because they sell quality products, customer loyalty, but most of all, its great marketing techniques. Nike has a number of famous athletes to create a great deal of attention to their products. Nike has signed the top athletes in many different sports such as the Brazilian Soccer Team (especially Ronaldino, Renaldo, and Roberto Carlos), Lebron James and Jermane ONeal for basketball, Lance Armstrong for cycling, and Tiger Woods for Golf. Sponsoring of events is another great promotional technique for Nike. It brings attention Nikes products. Web sites are a great promotional tool as they cover these events. Such events include Hoop It Up and The Golden West Invitational. Nike also personalizes websites. They make the websites exclusively for a sport such as nikebasketball. om , nikefootball. com , and nikegolf. com Marketing strategy: Nikes marketing strategy is an important component of the companys success. Nike is positioned as a premium-brand, selling well-designed and expensive products. Nike lures customers with a marketing strategy centering around a brand image which is attained by distinctive logo and the advertising slogan: Just do it. [35] Nike promotes its produc ts by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams. However, Nikes marketing mix contains many elements besides promotion. These are summarised below. Advertising From 1972 to 1982, Nike relied almost exclusively on print advertising in highly vertical publications including Track and Field News. Most of the early advertising was focused on a new shoe release, essentially outlining the benefits of the running, basketball or tennis shoe. In 1976, the company hired its first outside ad agency, John Brown and Partners, who created what many consider Nikes first brand advertising in 1977. A print ad with the tagline There is no finish line featured a lone runner on a rural road and became an instant classic. The success of this simple ad inspired Nike to create a poster version that launched the companys poster business. In 1982, Nike aired its first national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency Wieden+Kennedy, during the New York Marathon. This would mark the beginning of a remarkably successful partnership between Nike and W+K that remains intact today. The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its advertiser of the year on two separate occasions, the first and only company to receive that honor twice (1994, 2003). 36] Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial twice since the award was first created in the 1990s. The first was for The Morning After, a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000 if every dire prediction about Y2K came to fruition. [37] The second Emmy for advertising earned by Nike was for a 2002 spot called Move, which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a stream of athletic pursuits. [38 ] In addition to garnering awards, Nike advertising has generated its fair share of Controversy. RANDOM: The short version of this is: Nike makes itself pop up everywhere, so that its well known. It associates with people that most of its consumers want to emulate (such as michael jordan, in the 1990s) and creates products that will appeal to as wide of an audience as possible while using those celebrities its consumers want as bait (eg, michael jordan and the Air Jordan shoe line). This is just the marketing side: The business as a whole creates fast, easy assembly methods that allow it to use cheap labor in southeast asia and elsewhere to get cheap products (around 10 dollars) and sell them at extremely high prices (about 150 dollars). With nike, most of what youre buying is image. Nike, Inc. is a marketer of sports apparel and athletic shoes. The American manufacturer, through its marketing strategy which rests on a favourable brand image, has evolved into a large multinational enterprise In keeping with the brand image is its association with the distinctive logo and its advertising slogan, Just do it. In order to maintain and sustain this image, the company makes huge investments in advertising and brand promotion. Its promotional activities include agreements for product sponsorship with professional athletic teams, celebrity athletes, and numerous college athletic teams. Nike is involved in the production of goods for a wide variety of sports, competing with every sports fashion brand in existence. Because of the absence of any single brand that rivals the products of Nike, the company has no direct competitors, with the exception of German company Adidas. This has helped popularize the brand worldwide in all areas of sport and sports fashion. When Nike first began as Blue Ribbon Sports they only sold one product (running shoes) and because of this they had to make the target audience large. However, because of the wide-range of products that Nike sells they now have different target-audiences for each product. For young people, Nike sponsors popular athletes that their customers want to emulate.

Physics of the Atomic Bomb :: physics atom atomic bomb nuclear a-bomb

The atomic bomb (also known as the atom bomb, A-bomb , or nuclear bomb) has a destructive power created by the fission of either uranium or plutonium. But, not any isotope of uranium can be used. Only U235 is used in the production of an atom bomb. U235 is very hard to come by due to the fact that it is only present within 0.7% of all natural uranium. In order to separate the U235 isotope from natural uranium a process of enrichment is used. The uranium must be enriched to 90% for actual use in a bomb. The enrichment process is complicated due to the fact that the uranium isotopes are practically chemically identical. This means that the different isotopes cannot be separated with just an easy chemical reaction. The isotopes must be separated by exploiting the little mass difference between the isotopes. There are many different methods used to separate these isotopes a couple of these are the commercial-gaseous diffusion process and the centrifuge process. Another method of separation is the Electro Magnetic Separation process. This enrichment method was created by E.O. Lawrence. It involves passing uranium ions through a magnetic field which causes the U235 ions to separate and take a different path than the U238 ions. Following this collectors are used at the other end of the semi-circle to capture the separated U235. Fission of U235

What School Vouchers Are Essay -- essays papers

What School Vouchers Are The public has been searching for ways to reform the educational structure that is currently established within the United States. The public school system has been accused of being detrimental to the education of our societies children. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of school vouchers, as a type of educational reform, on all aspects of society. It has already been proven that â€Å"family background, economic status and place of residence† all help to determine the amount of success a child has at a particular school (Raywid, 1989, p. 7). Can it consequently be expected that the choice of which particular school to go to will also make a difference in the child’s success? School Vouchers are a form of educational reform that redirects the flow of funding from school districts to individual families (Coulson, 1998). These vouchers give parents the opportunity to send their child to a private school with the help of state money. Vouchers help to pay all or part of the tuition for families that choose a private school rather than the public school system. What School Vouchers Are Supposed to Help Currently, there are only two voucher programs that exist within the United States. However, the topic is of much debate in communities around the country. Both the Milwaukee program and the Cleveland program are meant to help lower income families receive the best available education (Maranto, Milliman, Hess, & Gresham, 1999, p. 19). These school vouchers are supported on the basis that education will be improved for all children given parental choice and a competition between pubic and private schools (Coulson, 1998). This reform represents a â€Å"shift of educational auth... ... case for public schools of choice. Bloomington, Indiana: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Raywid discusses the idea of school choice within public schools. This is a little different from school vouchers; however, it raises some of the same issues. Smith, K., & Meier, K. (1995). The case against school choice. London, England: M.E. Sharpe. Smith and Meier discuss many cons to the school voucher debate. They strongly oppose school choice as a means of school reform. â€Å"School Choice.† The American Heritage College Dictionary. 40th ed. 2002. School vouchers: The wrong choice for public education. (2001). Retrieved October 8, 2003 from http://www.Anti-Defamation League, 2001.org/vouchers/print.asp The Anti-Defamation League discusses the idea that school vouchers threaten the American value of separation between church and state. What School Vouchers Are Essay -- essays papers What School Vouchers Are The public has been searching for ways to reform the educational structure that is currently established within the United States. The public school system has been accused of being detrimental to the education of our societies children. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of school vouchers, as a type of educational reform, on all aspects of society. It has already been proven that â€Å"family background, economic status and place of residence† all help to determine the amount of success a child has at a particular school (Raywid, 1989, p. 7). Can it consequently be expected that the choice of which particular school to go to will also make a difference in the child’s success? School Vouchers are a form of educational reform that redirects the flow of funding from school districts to individual families (Coulson, 1998). These vouchers give parents the opportunity to send their child to a private school with the help of state money. Vouchers help to pay all or part of the tuition for families that choose a private school rather than the public school system. What School Vouchers Are Supposed to Help Currently, there are only two voucher programs that exist within the United States. However, the topic is of much debate in communities around the country. Both the Milwaukee program and the Cleveland program are meant to help lower income families receive the best available education (Maranto, Milliman, Hess, & Gresham, 1999, p. 19). These school vouchers are supported on the basis that education will be improved for all children given parental choice and a competition between pubic and private schools (Coulson, 1998). This reform represents a â€Å"shift of educational auth... ... case for public schools of choice. Bloomington, Indiana: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Raywid discusses the idea of school choice within public schools. This is a little different from school vouchers; however, it raises some of the same issues. Smith, K., & Meier, K. (1995). The case against school choice. London, England: M.E. Sharpe. Smith and Meier discuss many cons to the school voucher debate. They strongly oppose school choice as a means of school reform. â€Å"School Choice.† The American Heritage College Dictionary. 40th ed. 2002. School vouchers: The wrong choice for public education. (2001). Retrieved October 8, 2003 from http://www.Anti-Defamation League, 2001.org/vouchers/print.asp The Anti-Defamation League discusses the idea that school vouchers threaten the American value of separation between church and state.

Classical Managment Essay

Historical Foundations of management have been around for years and were first introduced by Fayol around the turn of the century . This essay will discuss three main points and questions around management, the first question will cover how modern management practices have evolved from the â€Å"classical approaches to management†. The second question will cover the challenges contemporary managers face in 2013 compared to managers in the era of the classical approaches and the third question will be around comparing and contrasting bureaucratic management to a style of management I have been faced with. This discussion will pay particular attention to Frederick Taylor’s scientific approach to management. How Modern Management Practices have evolved from the â€Å"Classical Approaches to Management†? The classical management approaches focus on developing universal principles for use in various management situations. There are 3 three major theories within the classical approaches. Scientific management, administrative principles and Bureaucratic organisations and these theories are still widely used in management today. Modern management approaches focus on the systems view of organisations and contingency thinking in a dynamic and complex environment. The modern management approaches to management grew directly from foundations established by the classical approaches. It has been proven in today’s working world you need to have a mix of the classical approaches and the modern management approaches to succeed in today’s environment. According to McDonalds case study the restaurants operate on classical management theory – there are elements of â€Å"scientific management from a former era (to maintain efficiency), as well as up-to-the minute human relations approaches to maintain the motivation of the â€Å"crew†. . Challenges contemporary mangers face in 2013 compared to mangers in the era of Classical approaches. A contemporary business environment refers to management trends in the 21st century – the year 2000 to now. . Globalisation plays a missive part in the changing challenges for contemporary mangers. Most companies move into international markets and by moving into different international markets there are different rules and regulations that need to be learned when doing business. It was Cited in that it is important for global organisations to employ people from other cultures who understand the customs and traditions of other countries and to deal appropriately with customers. This then brings different beliefs and cultural beliefs into the work place and contemporary mangers need to understand the needs of their employees. In today’s working environment multiculitlism is a growing factor and plays a big part in contemporary mangers needing to adapt to different management styles to help create the rights at work for its people, for example if your religion requires you to pray at certain times of the day, a manger would need to respect these religious beliefs and allow you to do so, back in the time if the classical era this would have not even been considered. It wasn’t until 1920s; an emphasis on the human side in the workplace began to establish its influence on management thinking . It was also cited in people are interacting with others who are different from themselves with biological, political, religious or cultural differences. This causes for the contemporary mangers to learn and adapted to new skills. If we look at the evolution of management practices over a period of time off from the era to now. It has changed dramatically and there are more practices to consider and adapt as a contemporary manger. Referring below outlines the evolution of management practices from the era to now and how much more a contemporary manger needs to consider then a manger in the era had to. Evolution of management practices Period /YearClassical Approaches 1890 Systemic Management 1900Bureaucratic Management 1920Administrative Management 1930Human Relations 1940Behavioural perspective Contemporary Approaches 1940Quantitative Management 1950Organisational Behaviour 1960System Theory 1970Contingency Theory 1990Total Quality Management 1990Learning Organisation 2000Business Reengineering CurrentStrategic Management Diversify in the workplace has also grown from the 1890’s to now. The amount of women workers in the work place has doubled over time; women in particular needs are diifernm It was cited in the journal article that Daft and Samson (2009) argued that rganisations are encountering new challenges to deal with diversity as more women and people from minority backgrounds are entering the workforce in the contemporary business environment PART B (some personal reflections) Scientific Management compared and contrast with current management style of what I have been faced with. Fredrick W. Taylor published the Scientific management emphasises careful selection and training of workers, and supervisory support. It has four guiding action principles: 1. if you check your presentation guidelines on page 7 of the Subject Outline and the extra information provided in Resources folder under Assignment Help in MGT100 Interact site you will see that subheadings are quite appropriate in business assessments. You could set you work out with meaningful headings to help guide the reader through your discussion. For example,  · INTRODUCTION (introducing both parts of the discussion)  · PART A – (optional heading) SUBHEADING 1 SUBHEADING 2 SUBHEADING 3  · PART B – (optional heading) SUBHEADING 4 (e.g. â€Å"some personal reflections . . â€Å")  · CONCLUSION (concluding both parts of the discussion)  · REFERENCES If your writing is very clear then it may not be necessary to include the Part A & B headings. Your primary responsibility is to make sure that your essay is clear and understandable to the reader. The best way to ensure this is to get someone else to read your work (preferably not a business student) before you submit. Question 2: I chose option two for the essay, Historical Foundations to Management. When considering ‘classical approaches to management’ is it suggestible that I mention (or cover) all theories, or just a select few which represent a cross section of the range of classical theories? Or, should I focus on only one or two theories? Suggestion: When in doubt put yourself in the reader’s position. The question asks about ‘classical approaches’, think about what you would want to know if you were reading a response to this question from a position of little or no knowledge of management theory. Also think about how many words you have available. That is, the more theories you include the less adequately they will be explained. It’s up to you to work out the balance between scope and detail. You can get away with most things if you explain to the reader in either the Introduction or very early on what your intended scope is (e.g ‘This discussion will pay particular attention to Fayol’s fourteen principles and Taylor’s four principles of management . . . etc). Then the reader doesn’t get disappointed to find his or her favourite theory has been omitted. This is what I think I would be silently asking myself:  · What is meant by a ‘classical approach’? and by implication . . .  · How is a ‘classical approach’ different to other approaches?  · How is the writer (you) going to make his case that classical approaches are still/not relevant today? Asking these questions would lead you to the sort of answers you are looking for with regard to ‘required theoretical content’:  · You really need to mention at least briefly the three big names of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber  · You really need to give a nod to the other big approaches such as quantitative, HRM, contemporary  · This is your choice and will be determined by personal interest, the sorts of case examples you use and word limits. You need to include enough material to be convincing. You won’t have to look very far with any of those big names to make a case. I imagine you will only have space for about 2 specific theories Carroll, S. J & Gillen D. J. (1984). The Classical Management Functions: Are They Really Outdated? P132-136. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.1984.4978715 Ambang, T, (2009). Challenges of contemporary management in Papua New Guinea, 10(2), p1-16.

Dual Coding Theory Essays

Dual Coding Theory Essays Dual Coding Theory Paper Dual Coding Theory Paper The mind can perform different kind of processes ranging from verbal up to non-verbal processing and other different processes. Performing different processes has made different studies on how our mind really works. However, since the mind is too complex to be the focus of a study, many researchers resorted to studying the processes that the human mind can perform. Theoretical Background Dual Coding Theory Dual Coding Theory (DCT) focuses on the verbal and the non-verbal processes of the human mind. DCT attempts to discuss how equal weights are given to both verbal and non-verbal mind processes. The human mind is able to deal with several processes while simultaneously dealing with another process. An instance is that when mind is dealing with language processing, it can also simultaneously deal with processing non-verbal objects and events. Dual Coding Theory gives light on how this process occur simultaneously (Paivio, 2008). Dual coding assumes that two cognitive subsystems exist. The two subsystems represent a specialized processing of non-verbal images and events and the other represents a specialized processing of language. The Dual Coding Theory is illustrated below. Coding Theory. The figure also shows the three important processes involved in Dual Coding Theory. From the figure, one can see the terms logogens and imagens. Paivio introduced logogens and imagens as two different types of representational units. Logogens is a representational unit for verbal entities. While, imagens is a representational unit for mental images (Paivio, 2008). Dual Coding Theory involves three types of processes that occur in order. First is representational. In this process, the direct verbal and non-verbal representations were activated. Second is referential. Verbal system activation by non-verbal system and vice versa occurs in this process. Last process is associative processing. This process involves activation of representations by the same verbal and non-verbal systems (Paivio, 2008).

Free Essays on Functions And Required Skills For Management

The primary functions and required skills for management. Everyone heard about management in their daily life already. However, do they know what is the meaning of management, the functions of management and the skills for management? Management is a very important field in business environment. In 1911, the Father of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor announced the Principles of Scientific Management. He propounded the work methods which designed to increase worker productivity. Taylor examined the time and motion details of a job, developed a better method for job performance and worker training. Management is the process of organizing, directing resources in order to effectively achieve business and organizational goals, and creative problem solving. The directing resources include people, finances, materials, and information. There are five major skills in management which are planning, organizing, staffing directing and controlling. The goal of management is accomplishes the business mission and objective. To be a successful mana ger, you need skills in decision making, financial analysis, interpersonal relationships, and communication as well as the ability to apply those skills in a context of restraints, opportunities, and options.Everybody needs planning such as vacation plan, study plan, shopping plan, working plan†¦etc. Planning helped us to achieve goals as effectively and efficiently as possible. Then, what is planning in management? Planning is an ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and determining how they will be performed. The organizing, staffing, leading and controlling functions are based on the planning of the business. Without planning, we couldn’t go further on other fields of management functions. Planning is important at all levels of management. The first thing we have to do is make a good plan of the business. There are four skills in planning which are vision, mission, ... Free Essays on Functions And Required Skills For Management Free Essays on Functions And Required Skills For Management The primary functions and required skills for management. Everyone heard about management in their daily life already. However, do they know what is the meaning of management, the functions of management and the skills for management? Management is a very important field in business environment. In 1911, the Father of Scientific Management, Frederick Taylor announced the Principles of Scientific Management. He propounded the work methods which designed to increase worker productivity. Taylor examined the time and motion details of a job, developed a better method for job performance and worker training. Management is the process of organizing, directing resources in order to effectively achieve business and organizational goals, and creative problem solving. The directing resources include people, finances, materials, and information. There are five major skills in management which are planning, organizing, staffing directing and controlling. The goal of management is accomplishes the business mission and objective. To be a successful mana ger, you need skills in decision making, financial analysis, interpersonal relationships, and communication as well as the ability to apply those skills in a context of restraints, opportunities, and options.Everybody needs planning such as vacation plan, study plan, shopping plan, working plan†¦etc. Planning helped us to achieve goals as effectively and efficiently as possible. Then, what is planning in management? Planning is an ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and determining how they will be performed. The organizing, staffing, leading and controlling functions are based on the planning of the business. Without planning, we couldn’t go further on other fields of management functions. Planning is important at all levels of management. The first thing we have to do is make a good plan of the business. There are four skills in planning which are vision, mission, ...

René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

Renà © Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

National curriculum;with a focus on Primary literacy the theme i will Literature review

National curriculum;with a focus on Primary literacy the theme i will be writing on is Phonics - Literature review Example 2006). These aspects are believed to have led to the formation of different theories related to learning and education. The main aim of this academic presentation is to be able to study and discuss two main theories related to learning and education – social constructivist theory of learning and the social cognitive theory. The analysis and evaluation of the same are believed to lead to the establishment of different important outcomes that can serve as a key reflection in the planning and development of learning and education structures. This makes it necessary to throw light on the same. The Social Cognitive theory of learning had been suggested by Bandura (1986). It is based on the principle and ideology that a particular learning system is considered to be effective and efficient when the same encourages the learners or individuals who are part of the learning system to be abreast of the action of others. The theory in itself suggests that the behaviour of human beings is largely influenced by the behaviour of others. The most significant observation in this case of learning is the development of a kind of imitation of the actions and behaviour of role models in the learning system (Rafferty, 2009). Vygotsky (1962) stated that human beings are highly socially dependent individuals and the experiences and learning which forms an integral part of the human existence in the world. These are best derived when the same are achieved through various exercises and endeavours that require the effective teamwork and involvement of human beings in groups (Cobb, 2006). The same is believed to increase the participative learning of the individuals. As they are not only able to contribute effectively to the entire learning process by presentation and application of their inherent knowledge and experiences, but are also able to enhance the same aspect among others (McInerney and

Blue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Blue - Essay Example Blue sky represents smooth communication flow and conveys reliability, self assurance and trustworthiness. Even loyalty and faith are two positive attributes of blue (Karlsen,2010).Blue gives a feeling of power and security as the sky above is projected in this shade. Moreover the water is visualized in blue color which is the main force of life. Thus the importance of blue is embedded in our life and our natural surroundings. The cloud which brings rain is also embodied in blue and it is the foundation for life on earth. Blue also convey a feeling of sadness or depression and this gave way to the origin of concept like Monday blues and Morning blues. Monday blues refer to the starting of office day where in one feel reluctant to attend office. Even it can be referred to the depressed feeling of person where in it is addressed as â€Å"one is feeling blue†. Blue also stands for cleanliness as it is used more often in cleaning products like toothpaste, mouthwash and soap. Blue also has a prominent place in the world of art as artist use it to express outwardly feeling. Blue is also a representation of confidence, trust and serenity. Many artists have taken help of blue to express the feeling of happiness and glory to their work. Blue has a constant relation in our life as the sky and ocean are of the same shade. It also has the property to release chemicals which can calm the body and give a soothing effect to it. Blue has a calming quality. If it is darker shade then it can be strong and steadfast and if lighter version it can be light and friendly. The shade of blue is preferred by almost everyone. The cool, calming effect of blue helps in passing time swiftly and it can help you sleep (Bear,2011) . Even in western culture blue is a symbolism for male gender whereas women are connected to pink Blue also have the quality of giving the feeling of trust, dependability and commitment The brilliant blue has the power of expressing exhilaration and can be gre atly dramatic and dynamic. This is the reason why it is used in most events and concerts to attract the attention of audience. Blue also has a status in political field as it represent as a background for the flags of many nations. In his article Smith writes that ,U.S. Democratic Party is represented by blue and beginning with the 2000 presidential election, states related to democratic candidates were referred as â€Å"blue states† and those interested in Republican candidates referred to as â€Å"red states† (Smith,2011). Blue also holds a prominent place in the military and defense arena as their dress code some way contain its usage. Blue also is used constantly in government emblems and flags of international organizations, as it is a universally accepted theme for peacefulness and trust. There are also numerous companies which are represented with blue theme like IBM, Intel, Pepsi and Ford. Even the high officials and executives prefer blue in their dress code a s it looks very professional and ethical to the senses. Moreover the most popular clothing which is â€Å"Jeans† only comes in blue shade. The popularity and craze which jeans and denim has cannot be acquired by any other clothing on the entire planet. It could be also said that only blue holds on to it

Coke vs Pepsi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coke vs Pepsi - Research Paper Example Due to a primal fear of losing ground to the competition, these contracts with suppliers are in fact the very backbone of what defines the domestic and to a large part, international success of the firms. The second of the five forces that has such a profound and noticeable effect on the marketplace is that of the supreme intensity with which the competitive rivalry takes place. As will be discussed at length later in this analysis, this high level of competition means that both companies have behaved in highly competitive and aggressive ways both as a means to closely mirror the product offerings of one another and to ensure that if one is expanding within a given region a level of reciprocity within the other firm is also exhibited. b. Which of the 5 Forces would you expect to have had the most impact on the industry for the 10 years after the case ended? Why? If only one of the 5 forces had to be considered as the one that would be the most likely to have a strong impact on the in dustry for the 10 years after the case ended, it would have to be that of the bargaining power of the suppliers. As was detailed in the case, Pepsi Cola has only recently sold its controlling interests in both KFC and Taco Bell. As a function of this, these two large fast food chains, represented by thousands of chains throughout the US and the world, are not at a degree of freedom to go with the soft drink supplier that they deem to most represent the needs of the firm and of the consumer base. As a function of this, it is the bargaining power of the suppliers which has come to an even higher level of importance. c. Would your answers above be different if applied separately to Coke and Pepsi, or were they impacted similarly? Explain. It is the belief of this author that even if the answers were provided separately with relation to Coke and Pepsi, the end results would be similar. The reason for this is due to the fact that both companies mirror each other so closely; they compete in the same markets, the offer similar products, the compete for the same customers, and subsequently the same forces impact them (Lemley 2012). As a result of these similarities, the results to the answers would be very much the same even if done separately. Question 2: Competition/Barriers to Entry (3points) a. Keep in mind these are competitive forces in one of the most profitable businesses in the history of the industrial world. Coke and Pepsi control approximately 75% of the market share. Why have so few other firms been able to successfully enter this industry? Your answer should include some analysis about barriers to entry! One of the largest reasons that a level of further competition does not exist within the given industry is the fact that Coke and Pepsi have so thoroughly dominated the supply chain, vender contracting, and restaurant affiliation. As a function of these barriers to entry, it is almost impossible for a new, little known, start up to penetrate into such a well protected and highly contested market. Moreover, another factor that reduces the level of competition that is noticed is the fact that when a valuable start up does experience a level of success, they are oftentimes quickly picked up by either Coke or Pepsi and co-opted into their brand; an obvious case in point would of course be Naked Juice (Jacobson 2011). Question 3:

Greek Rationalism and Philosphies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Greek Rationalism and Philosphies - Essay Example Research by different history scholars including Duikar and Andrea, irons out various factors to be responsible for the early golden wisdom. Some of the reasons get related to the religion while other relates to various traditions of the Greece. Medieval philosophy and the scholasticism relies on logical reasoning manifested by ancient Greeks, which had the capability to apply various principles and concepts of different field to come up with solutions and inventions in life2. Rationality and philosophy of the Greek is an extremely imperative subject that should be addressed with considerable concern. It is, therefore, vital that reliable and up to date sources are used. The sources must have data well presented and historical in nature without alteration in favor of the author. It is for this reason that I chose sources such, as Duiker’s world History and Andrea’s Human record, as well as other sources in the reference list. The references offered valid information, wh ich helped me in coming up with a proficient and a well-detailed paper. The ability to read and write is one of the factors attributed to the ancient rationality of the Greeks. This is related to the discovery of Alphabet letter system, which enabled joining of the letters, to form words. This became part of history when ideas could get recorded and be relied on for reference. Buddhism, for instance, neglected reading and writing after some time, until they Developed, Brahmi alphabet. This marked the beginning of their spreading to other parts of Asia from Greece. Alphabets used to date by different people, were invented by the Semites of the Mediterranean coast; not forgetting the Phoenicians and the Hebrews. This was due to natural drawings and practice that later led to representations of consonants as an alternative to words. This was raw ideas and further improvements and modifications were needed. It is at this point that the Greece invented vowels, which could make meaningful words. Reading and writing was, therefore, a common activity to scholars and certain people that enabled developing of ideas and rational thinking. In addition, it facilitated communication while at the same time enabling sharing of ideas by people from different calibers. This further pushed for the earlier rational philosophy in Greece3. The earlier rationalism also gets attributed to involvement in trade by the Greece in the ancient time. Their closeness to Mediterranean ocean for instance facilitated international trade. Moreover, the Greece used the presence of sea winds to motivate trade. Oversea trading enabled interaction with people from different regions a factor, which added more ideas to the Phoenix, which were downright traders and at the same time inventor of alphabets4. The role of religion in the ancient rationality is also not forgotten as it influenced enormously to the general shrewdness. The logics and reasoning from Christian cultural masters, for instance, con tributed to the scholarly nature of the ancient Greece. In their teachings, they differentiated their methods were derived from Greek’s natural reasoning and not from any other source. This could confirm the church Dogma at that time as prime philosophical

Systems Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Systems Thinking - Assignment Example Alman (2011) noted that â€Å"systems thinking have been described as an approach to problem-solving where "problems" are viewed as symptoms of an underlying system.† This means that in the context of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, applying systems thinking would mean that the hospital will focus on finding underlining causes of problems so that treating symptoms alone will not create a situation of problems reoccurring time and over again (Meadows, 2008). There are a number of ways in which the hospital has applied this key principle of systems thinking. First, the hospital has as part of its three main goals, the need to emphasis on research and teaching. Meanwhile, researching in pediatric care entails practices that bring system builders closer to the need to always dig beyond problems that are seen on the surface. Instead, they dig very deep to ensure that causes of problems that are seen on the surface are addressed from its root cause. Another important principl e of systems thinking is the fact that it incorporates the role that all stakeholders have to play in the solution of a given problem. This is also something that has been in practice at the hospital since 1994 when the management of the hospital decided to undertake a dramatic shift from the way it went about its business to focus on improvement of the hospital’s delivery system. Once systems thinking has been adequately applied at the hospital, there are several values that the leadership of the hospital will derive.

Greek Rationalism and Philosphies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Greek Rationalism and Philosphies - Essay Example Research by different history scholars including Duikar and Andrea, irons out various factors to be responsible for the early golden wisdom. Some of the reasons get related to the religion while other relates to various traditions of the Greece. Medieval philosophy and the scholasticism relies on logical reasoning manifested by ancient Greeks, which had the capability to apply various principles and concepts of different field to come up with solutions and inventions in life2. Rationality and philosophy of the Greek is an extremely imperative subject that should be addressed with considerable concern. It is, therefore, vital that reliable and up to date sources are used. The sources must have data well presented and historical in nature without alteration in favor of the author. It is for this reason that I chose sources such, as Duiker’s world History and Andrea’s Human record, as well as other sources in the reference list. The references offered valid information, wh ich helped me in coming up with a proficient and a well-detailed paper. The ability to read and write is one of the factors attributed to the ancient rationality of the Greeks. This is related to the discovery of Alphabet letter system, which enabled joining of the letters, to form words. This became part of history when ideas could get recorded and be relied on for reference. Buddhism, for instance, neglected reading and writing after some time, until they Developed, Brahmi alphabet. This marked the beginning of their spreading to other parts of Asia from Greece. Alphabets used to date by different people, were invented by the Semites of the Mediterranean coast; not forgetting the Phoenicians and the Hebrews. This was due to natural drawings and practice that later led to representations of consonants as an alternative to words. This was raw ideas and further improvements and modifications were needed. It is at this point that the Greece invented vowels, which could make meaningful words. Reading and writing was, therefore, a common activity to scholars and certain people that enabled developing of ideas and rational thinking. In addition, it facilitated communication while at the same time enabling sharing of ideas by people from different calibers. This further pushed for the earlier rational philosophy in Greece3. The earlier rationalism also gets attributed to involvement in trade by the Greece in the ancient time. Their closeness to Mediterranean ocean for instance facilitated international trade. Moreover, the Greece used the presence of sea winds to motivate trade. Oversea trading enabled interaction with people from different regions a factor, which added more ideas to the Phoenix, which were downright traders and at the same time inventor of alphabets4. The role of religion in the ancient rationality is also not forgotten as it influenced enormously to the general shrewdness. The logics and reasoning from Christian cultural masters, for instance, con tributed to the scholarly nature of the ancient Greece. In their teachings, they differentiated their methods were derived from Greek’s natural reasoning and not from any other source. This could confirm the church Dogma at that time as prime philosophical

To what degree did Buddhism provide a basis for cultural exchange and Essay

To what degree did Buddhism provide a basis for cultural exchange and trade along the Silk Road - Essay Example On the other hand, the Silk Road, also known as the Silk Route, is comprised of a progression of cultural and trade conduction routes that extend about 4,000 miles (Whitfield 2004, p. 23). It got its name from the Chinese silk trade that was conducted along it from the 206 BC era of the Han Dynasty and greatly contributed to the civilization and development of China, Arabia, Europe, Persia and the Indian subcontinent. Silk was the main item of trade but, inadvertently, different cultures, philosophies and religions interacted as economic and political exchanges took place between different civilizations. The diversity of the cultures that interacted on the Silk Road is evident in the manner in which it linked China, India, Europe and the Middle East and facilitated Buddhism’s transmission to China from India and, consequently, Japan and Korea. Buddhist missionaries, travelers and merchants carried along their religious convictions, values and beliefs to distant territories, at tracting converts along the way. This paper will discuss the degree to which Buddhism provided a basis for cultural exchange and trade along the Silk Road. ... The roads and bridges may have had an underlying administrative and military objective, but they also opened up trade and encouraged exchanges between many diverse communities. The Silk Road was among the roads and routes built to expand the scope of trade and enhance its security, covering most of Eurasia and the northern part of Africa. With the Han Empire maintaining order in China and providing access to western markets and Bactria, merchants from different backgrounds interacted in trade, promoting the spread of their cultures. Traders from different regions exchanged ideas and customs as they traversed the land in search and sale of commodities. Therefore, the Silk Road promoted more than commodity exchange and included culture as well. Buddhism, for example, spread from the Kushan kingdom to other parts of Asia (Hill 2009, p. 69). The degree to which Buddhism provided a basis for cultural exchange and trade along the Silk Road is manifested by the way the faith spread within a ll cities, towns and centers along the trade route. Among the great missionary faiths, the first that took advantage of the Silk Road’s mobility was Buddhism, extending its reach beyond its indigenous grounds in the north eastern part of India within the first century BC. After Military conquests and trade, Buddhism is the next most notable factor that linked the regions of India, to Central Asia and the present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan as early as 206 BC upto the 8th century AD. The transnational link facilitated the establishment of a political empire by the Hephthalites, which covered the expanse from the northern Indian plains to Afghanistan. Politically, the empire

The fairy and the bear Essay Example for Free

The fairy and the bear Essay FhtfyrfytfftyfuydtrdFriendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar  Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship  cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been  asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar  Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to

Analysis of Gaming Industry Consumers

Analysis of Gaming Industry Consumers Muhammad Zafar   Ã‚   Introduction Online games are played online unlike the traditional pc and consoles games where players play against each other (Hilton 2006). This had a huge impact on games DFC intelligence (2006) estimated that the total online games revenue have grown from $3.4 billion in 2005 to over $13 billion in 2011. There are new media elements for the consumers now use to represent their expressions and communications in the online games some examples are online avatars, accessories of the avatars, decorative stuffs like furniture, background music, skins and fancy weapons used in online games (V. Lehdonvirta 2009). Also people who cant buy expensive car and likes to modify cars and likes to drive modified cars in video games buy games like Gran Turismo, Sega GT, Metropolis Street Racer, or Need for Speed Underground, also people build a virtual dream life in games like The Sims, Habbo Hotel, or Second Life or they even want to enhance their digital lives by buying rare and expensive magical artefacts in games like Morrowind, Everquest, or World of Warcraft to get connected with other players or to show others their digital valuables (Lindstrom, 2001; Nelson, 2002). The combined result is that consumers now relate themselves to digitally simulated consumption experiences. However digital virtual consumption is just materialized substance. Its popularity therefore defies the premises of utility-based explanations of consumer behaviour like a virtual car cannot take you to work; a virtual home does not keep you warm and sheltered (Castronova, 2003). Digital Items Social media is the main source of advertising through Facebook and Twitter. These sites produce high revenue for the companies but to find alternate gaming companies have now started building revenues of selling digital items to their consumers (H.S. Kang, 2003). Consumers now use these new media elements known as digital items to represent, communicate and express themselves with other online members. There are two types of digital items, 2d/3d digital items and musical digital format like songs and music. In this article the focus is on self representation through digital items and aesthetic value. Some of the common examples of digital items are digital avatars, their accessories such as clothes, shoes and hats, decorative skins and items for virtual real life games like furniture, painting, wallpapers and background skins. Usually the prices of digital items are ranges between to a few pennies to a high ranged pound price depending on the item and its value, some limited items a re very high ranged. Consumers use digital items to represent their online users. They normally take an interest in a virtual world by controlling their avatar, a character that speaks to them in the virtual environment (V. Lehdonvirta, 2005). Avatars are usually two-dimensional or three-dimensional graphical figures that represent the consumers online self (S. Webb, 2001). Consumers have more hold over avatars based interactions and can customize their avatar in a wide range of physical features and they are also willing to buy avatar features (Jin, 2009). It also enhances users vivid experiences of participants when they have an active control on the virtual environment through their digital avatars which makes them feel that they are a part of the virtual world with other users (Lehdonvirta et al., 2009; Martin, 2008, Animesh et al., 2011). Social Identity The emotional value of an advanced digital item depends essentially on what it would seem that and the degree to which marketers identify with it and utilize it in their correspondence with the consumers (A.H. Huang, D.C. Yen, X. Zhang, 2008). The two factors which are identifying as emotional value are the aesthetics and the playfulness which connects the consumers to their digital avatar. Consumers buys digital products is depends in a manner that how they view themselves or wishes to be viewed by other members. Aside from their effective utility, items have typical or prominent utilization values. The sorts of computerized things one uses additionally help to characterize the adopters group of friends. For social esteem, it can be recognized into two elements: self-image expression and relationship support. All in all through their fantasies, consumers truly wish into reality the encounters that they therefore expend. The media Games and Culture all in all, including computerized virtual spaces, are themselves subject to showcase mechanisms (Kline, Dyer-Witheford, and de Peuter, 2003). The act of buying a car (in a material sense) is in reality genuine; that is, it is acknowledged and realized in an execution of an earlier stare off into space in the psyche of a consumer. The improvement of the computerized virtual (for instance, a computer game, like World of Warcraft), in any case, may welcome a person to purchase a virtual enchantment staff. Consumers who buy virtual and digitalized items such as a magic staff is indeed real for them when they imagine it, so here we have an instrument for the realization of unique customer fantasy further than what is likely, that is accessible in the material mercantile centre (Proulx and Latzko-Toth, 2000). One of the examples of a game which allows consumers to utilize their fantasies through online platform in a game is The Sims (Consalvo, 2003). In the Sims is a game in which the user simulates a virtual life. First they create a Sims likely known as digital avatar and then they choose types of clothing and lifestyle for it and later build a house and make family. Then there is Grand theft Auto in which users who are more towards violence and American criminal lifestyle in this game user first create a character in multiplayer mode and then progress through missions and other multiplayer jobs with your online friends it is an open world game which itself is a reflection of social drama. Self-representation desire may, thusly, be improved by individual control as a persons certainty about his or her capacity, i.e., self-adequacy, to show a favoured image (Dà ¶ring 2002). The impact of online introduction self-adequacy on the desire for online self-representation can be clarified by s ocial subjective hypothesis (Bandura, 2001). It places that human conduct is persistently and widely self-managed. Online Community An online group comprises of (1) individuals, who cooperate with each other in the group; (2) reason, to give motivation to clients to take part in groups; (3) approaches, to make guidelines, conventions, and laws to guide clients conduct; and (4) PC frameworks, to bolster and intercede social association and encourage a feeling of fellowship   (Preece, 2000). An online games community is characterized as a gathering of users who cooperate with each other by means of Internet, they create a fantasy role and build up an online relationship among users, share regular interests, and enjoy their requirement for excitement by assuming their own particular virtual parts (Hsu and Lu, 2007 and Teng, in press). Origin in Asia, for instance, is a hot web based amusement that permits users to accept a virtual part to join daring exercises on the internet. In the Lineage people group, users frequently create strong attachment and endeavour to accomplish shared objectives, including overco ming a foe nation. When a player and their team mates gets a powerful item or a high skill, the players then interact with the opponent team and the opponents responds with a counter attack or runs away, these kinds of interactions have been found to have a ample impact on the success of online games since an arrangement of a more than a few successions of collaboration is in actuality an account, which can be utilized to build a play interest (Choi Kim, 2004). From the consumer view of perspective through practical observations the psychological feeling of being there and benefit instruments, for example, reasonableness, security and motivating force are exceptionally critical concerns (Chen and Yen, 2004). Motivation If a user will be extremely submerged in a virtual diversion group (understanding stream) on the off chance that he or she have accomplished coordinating aptitudes (like propelled weapons) against high players. In particular, high character skill (low test) will shrink a players desire to additionally accomplish even progressed virtual things as his or her characters general capability will as of now be better than that of others, and the other way around. Furthermore, with the expansion in the general skill of the characters possessed by a player, he or she may like to challenge propelled PC controlled players for picking up an incredible feeling of accomplishment (Kim, Oh and Lee, 2005). By this behaviour consumers are more anticipated in buying more digital items to progress further more in the game and also its an achievement for them to show other users that how far the progressed. Players with inherent inspiration may see more fun under the high vulnerability condition that makes them to feel more excitement. Then again, outwardly persuaded players may see less exchange cost when exchanging the thing with high resource specificity. Ordinarily, individuals see more exchange cost when the high resource specificity condition is given in the exchange in light of the confinement of the advantage (O. E. Williamson, 1991). Digital games also motivate players to learn new stuff about the world and culture it helps them to grow more knowledge of skills (Dickey, 2006). It is also been discussed before that digital games helps a user to develop problem solving skills (Annetta, 2008). Furthermore, motivation starts to conduct and decides its course and power. Along these lines, the desire for online self-representation fills in as an inspiration that prompts to practices, for example, the buying of digital items that empower online self-representation (Van der Heijden 200 4). Motivation likewise decides asset designation for various practices. Based on their desire for online self-representation, individuals may allocate assets toward the buying of digital items for self-representation and expend exertion toward this objective (Latham and Pinder 2005). Negations While there are positive effects of online gaming and digital world there are also some negative effects also which are due to the genre of a game like if a game is genre is violence this can relate to an aggressive outcome for the user (Anderson Bushman, 2001). Although online games recreations frequently contain comparable demonstrations of violence, recent narrative confirmation has proposed another negative behavioural impact that these games may represent that of addiction (Jansz, 2005). In 2005 The Washington Post reports that 10 people died in Korea as a result of extreme game play, also a person who was found dead in an internet cafe after continuously playing 50 hours taking very few breaks (Khazan, 2006). An individuals identity is a moderately stable antecedent of conduct in a miniaturized scale level, as it shows a persisting style of ones way of thinking, feeling, and acting in various circumstances (Stevens, 2003). Ritualized media utilize was associated with impression of imminence to the medium and convenience, substantial media users will probably proceed with their media utilize paying little reverence to the content (Huh 2004). Online game addiction is known as process addiction which is a specific type of addiction defined as behaviour enslavement which is similar to obsessive gambling and shopping. Users who are addicted play online games to form social relationship as they do to progress through the ladder, virtual relationships is more desirable to them rather than face to face interactions thats why they have their own virtual world in which their fictional digital avatar or character is real for them and they represent that as themselves to other users (Yee, 2006). Conclusion So the conclusion is that how marketers make consumers relate to games avatars and buy digital items from their real money which are the in game avatars clothing and accessories   to make it look good and show it to other users. Some of the games like Counter Strike and other combat multiplayer games have skins for the guns and knives which are bought from the real money. People now live in a digital world where they want to show themselves to others which they cant do in real life and have less confidence to even talk and socialize with others. So the developers and the marketers of the games have brought them digitized virtual reality world where they can socialize with confidence. This is a consumer behaviour theory that marketers provide consumers a game in which they can do what they imagine to do in the real world but could not do it, this is also knows as aesthetic drama. But for the consumers this all real for them the imagination and fantasy is real thats what motivates them to buy digital items in games. Self motivation is the thing which the marketers target a person because in games if a user is winning a lot of games against stronger opponents and getting higher ranked achievements through games it self-motivates them to buy in game items like background music, wallpapers, skins, digital avatar accessories and other items related to the game. This whole essay is about self-representation through a consumers view of mind and their perspective that how a game can be real to them and connects mentally and emotionally to them and how marketers motivates their desires to play more and be involve more in buying in games items and materials which encourages them to progress further. From theories and research its been proved that online gaming is on a rise and now its more advance through mobile phone games and other portable consoles and there is a major increase in online gamers who are playing online games with other players and take it is a challenge. This is the kind of motivation marketers look forward for. References Yee, N. (2006). Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology behavior, 9(6), 772-775. Kim, H. W., Gupta, S., Koh, J. (2011). Investigating the intention to purchase digital items in social networking communities: A customer value perspective. Information Management, 48(6), 228-234. Molesworth, M., Denegri-Knott, J. (2007). Digital play and the actualization of the consumer imagination. Games and Culture, 2(2), 114-133. Huang, E. (2012). Online experiences and virtual goods purchase intention. Internet Research, 22(3), 252-274. Hsu, C. L., Lu, H. P. (2007). Consumer behavior in online game communities: A motivational factor perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1642-1659. Lee, M. C., Tsai, T. R. (2010). What drives people to continue to play online games? An extension of technology model and theory of planned behavior. Intl. journal of human-computer interaction, 26(6), 601-620. Wu, J. H., Wang, S. C., Tsai, H. H. (2010). Falling in love with online games: The uses and gratifications perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1862-1871. Guo, Y., Barnes, S. (2007). Why people buy virtual items in virtual worlds with real money. ACM Sigmis Database, 38(4), 69-76. Choi, B., Lee, I., Lee, K., Jung, S., Park, S., Kim, J. (2007, January). The effects of users motivation on their perception to trading systems of digital content accessories: Focusing on trading items in online games. In System Sciences, 2007. HICSS 2007. 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 161-161). IEEE. Yang, Y. T. C. (2012). Building virtual cities, inspiring intelligent citizens: Digital games for developing students problem solving and learning motivation. Computers Education, 59(2), 365-377. Kim, H. W., Chan, H. C., Kankanhalli, A. (2012). What motivates people to purchase digital items on virtual community websites? The desire for online self-presentation. Information systems research, 23(4), 1232-1245. Huh, S., Bowman, N. D. (2008). Perception and addiction of online games as a function of personality traits. Journal of Media Psychology, 13(2), 1-31.

Futility in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting For Go

Beckett explores the theme of futility in an attempt to leave the audience with questions about the meaning of life. The techniques and ways in which he does this vary in relation to the scene but he relies heavily on the use of philosophical and emotive language and a shocking way to intellectually and emotionally engage the audience. All characters that Beckett features in his play are used as literary constructs in creating the tone and setting in which to develop and examine the theme of futility. The theme of futility is linked to the philosophy of Nihilism and grounded in the belief that our universe is stochastic, and therefore structure-less. If life has no structure or coherent meaning it can ultimately be seen as futile. Beckett explores the theme of futility throughout the text in numerous ways. The theme of futility is immediately brought to the forefront in the beginning of the scene through stage directions concerning Estragon’s struggle with his boot. Diction such as ‘he gives up, tries again†¦ as before’ immediately set the tone of the futility of both his actions and the situation. This is further reflected in the setting of the play and the apparent bareness of their surroundings. The theme of futility is further reflected in the cyclical nature of the dialogue in the sense that nothing appears to change and everything is simply repeated, their conversation never reached a definitive conclusion they are ultimately still ‘waiting for Godot’ and longing for answers. The concept of time is used very successfully by Beckett in order to highlight and develop the theme of futility in ‘Waiting for Godot.’ Time can be seen as a very fluid concept in the sense that the audience is never made aware of how l... ...above. Whilst numerous techniques are employed in order to develop and influence the audiences understanding and perception of themes he deems important perhaps the most significant tool, which Beckett utilizes, is the motifs and certain characterization. The play can be considered highly minimalist and therefore the dynamics that exist between the characters are essential in order to demonstrate and explore the theme of futility. Ultimately, the theme of futility and the effect it has on relationships and attitudes can be considered the most significant and widely explored by Beckett. Conclusively, futility is greatly involved in the play and Beckett explores it through methods I have explored in this essay. Works Cited Beckett, Samuel. Waiting For Godot. 3rd ed. N.p.: CPI Group, 2006. Print. Vol. 1 of Samuel Beckett: The Complete Dramatic Works. 4 vols

Comparing the Women in Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young M

Characterization of Women in Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses    Joyce's depiction of women is characterized by a high degree of literary self-consciousness, perhaps even more so than in the rest of his work. The self-consciousness emerges as an awareness of both genre and linguistic expectations. contrasting highly self-conscious, isolated literary men (or men with literary aspirations) with women who follow more romantic models, even stereotypes. In Dubliners, Joyce utilizes a clichà ©d story of doomed love ending in death-physical or spiritual-in "A Painful Case" and "The Dead." The former holds far more to these conventions and can be read as a precursor to the more sophisticated techniques in the latter, which draws the reader's attention to the clichà © only to redirect it. Nevertheless, it is Joyce's handiwork here, his subversion of genre, that takes the main stage, and the women in the stories do fade into the background. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, he again literalizes a stereotype, the Madonna/whore binary , showing women as nuns, long-suffering wives, or prostitutes. But this division also serves to highlight one of Stephen Dedalus's primary battles, between Ireland and exile, family and freedom, which results in a call to writing away from domestic responsibility. Ulysses, and especially "Penelope," seems to escape these because it is precisely against genre-there was no preexisting "in-bed monologue" genre-but it is the most conscious and critical of feminine linguistic construction. "Female" words (through letters to Bloom) are the constant aural background in Bloom's mind, but he fixates on them precisely because of their "bad writing" (4.414), a... ...him as Molly thinks about him in the present and, most importantly, well after Joyce wrote about him, in the eternal lines of "Penelope."    Works Cited and Consulted Bidwell, Bruce and Linda Heffer. The Joycean Way: A Topographic Guide to Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Johns Hopkins: Baltimore, 1981. Gifford, Don. Joyce Annotated: Notes for Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. University of California: Berkeley, 1982. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Penguin Books: New York, 1975. Peake, C.H. James Joyce: The Citizen and the Artist. Stanford University: Stanford, 1977. Tindall, William York. A Reader's Guide to James Joyce. Noonday Press: New York, 1959. Walzl, Florence L. "Dubliners." A Companion Study to James Joyce. Ed. Zack Bowen and James F. Carens. Greenwood Press: London, 1984   

Opponents of abortion

Many opponents of abortion argue as follows: All human right beings have a right to life, the foetus is a human being, therefore the foetus has a right to life. Abortion, as a denial of this right, is accordingly morally wrong. Those who support abortion maintain, however, that the foetus is not a human being but a clump of cells, and that, even if it were a human being, its right to life may be outweighed by certain other rights possessed by a mother. These rights are the woman's right to self-defence and her right to control her body. When exactly does human life begin? There have been many divergent opinions. In the past there was a strong support for the view that life begins at birth. However, this view became increasingly unpopular as our knowledge of foetal development has increased and the more the distinction between the born and the unborn has been blurred by the advances in foetal photography. Others found greater significance in ‘quickening', the moment when the mothers feel her baby move; but this event, although doubtless of great emotional significance for the mother, is not regarded as significance for the growth of the foetus. A more common argument is to say that human life begins at conception. It is held that, since the development from the foetus to baby is continuous, it is purely arbitrary to choose any point other than the conception as the moment when one becomes a person. However this conclusion does not follow. One could say the same thing about the development from acorn to oak, but this does not mean that acorns are oaks: a distinction can be made between them. Similarly, a fertilized egg is unlike a person that, to suppose otherwise, is to stretch the meaning of ‘person' beyond all the normal usage. Hence the most accepted view, particularly among physicians, is to focus upon some interim point at which the foetus becomes ‘viable', that is, potentially able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid. But this argument has its own weaknesses, the most glaring being that the date of viability changes: in English law it has been reduced from twenty-eight weeks to twenty-four, though some agreed for eighteen weeks. Many find it offensive that whether one counts as a person depends on the shifting state of medical research. Some philosophers accept that the foetus is a person at conception. Anti-abortionists claim that it follows from this that the foetus, like all human beings, has the right to life, and that no other right can overweigh this right. However, there are in fact two rights which may override the right to life. The first is the woman's right of self-defence, in which the mother may end the life of the foetus if it threatens her own: and the second is the right of ownership to her own body, according to which she has the right to use her body in the way she wants and which may or may not include carrying a foetus to term. Unlike the right to self-defence, the right of ownership extends to cases where the mother's life is in danger. For example, if the woman has taken no contraceptives precautions, she has assumed responsibility for the unborn foetus and ought not to withdraw support; but if she has taken all possible precautions, she cannot be held responsible and may thus legitimately deny the foetus the use of her body. To continue the pregnancy in these circumstances is an act of charity on her part, but not a duty, and one which she cannot reasonably be expected to perform if the disadvantages to herself considerable. The right to life generates certain duties in others. Two in particular should be mentioned: the duty of non-interference and the duty to service. The duty to non-interference requires that no-one should interfere in another's life in a way that may threaten it. My right to life allows me to claim certain duties from others, the duties to service, and these may be claimed of those who are in business of seeing that my life is sustained (doctors, firemen, lifesavers). Both duties presuppose that being alive is in itself valuable and worth preserving, and that to save someone's life, or at least not to shorten it, is to benefit them. Normally this is true; but not always. Death from a bullet is probably preferable to death by starvation, and it is unlikely that a prisoner being tortured to death would accept a life-prolonging drug. Saving or prolonging someone's life is not therefore always to their advantage: in certain circumstances it might have been better if they had died earlier rather than later. Or, to put the matter another way, to say someone has the right to life, while true, does not necessarily mean that exercising that right will bring them benefit or that those who safeguard it are their benefactors. What matters is the quality of their life and their attitude towards it, and both may challenge the duties of non-interference and service. For cases may arise in which not only should the duty of non-interference be withheld in the interests of certain individuals- their lives are deliberately terminated- but withheld by the very people who have the duty of services toward them. Such cases introduce the problem of euthanasia. More recently it has come to mean ‘the action of inducing a gentle and easy death' and so refers mainly to those actions, usually performed by a doctor, in which a person's life is deliberately shortened or terminated. These actions are also known as ‘mercy killings' since the death involved must in some way end sufferings and therefore be in the person's own interest. This altruistic concern distinguishes these cases from the euthanasia programme introduced by Hitler in 1939 which gassed 275,000 people, mostly the physically or mentally sick elderly. They were not killed to relieve their suffering but because they were no longer able to work. These sinister possibilities continue to haunt discussions of euthanasia. Many believe that, once this form of killing is legalized, it will lead to others, to infanticide or euthanasia for the socially maladjusted or politically deviant. Others point to the risk of abuse by the members of the family and by all those who stand to gain by the death of someone old or sick. For the members of the medical profession the problems are more immediate and acute. Some doctors will have nothing to do with euthanasia, saying that their job is to save life and not to kill and pointing to the constant possibility of a wrong diagnosis or a new treatment. Others, meanwhile, have argued that, since medical science can prolong life almost indefinitely, what must now be protected is not so much a person's right to life but his right to die, and that to subject a patient to unnaturally slow and often painful deterioration, simply because it is technically possible, is not only uncivilised and lacking in compassion for patient and family alike, but also an infringement of individual liberty. This debate is further complicated by the fact that euthanasia applies to two different groups of person: those who can exercise their right to die and those who, because of their mental or physical conditions, cannot. Given the complexity of the issues involved, the court of human rights can't decide whether or not to deprive the sufferers from their rights to die. Furthermore, if the sufferers aren't allowed to end their life, should the court of law give us the right to end the life of foetus, which scientifically is considered a human being. In conclusion, I think that euthanasia should be legalized and that abortion should be denied. This is because the use of contraceptives these days has made it easier for women to control their pregnancy. An exception to this conclusion would be for women who get raped and who haven't got a control on what happens to them.

Learning Healthcare Organizations Essay

There are two healthcare organizations that I will be discussing that have transformational change to promote/create learning organization. One is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the other one is International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services that focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. CDC collaborates to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability and preparedness for new health treats. Stakeholders at CDC are people invested in the program that are interested in the results of the evaluation, and/or with a stake in what will be done with the results of the evaluation. Representing their needs and interests throughout the process is fundamental to good program evaluation. Those involved in program operations are the management, program staff, partners, funding agencies and coalition members. Those served or affected by the program are patients or clients, advocacy group, community members, and elected official. And lastly, those who are intended users of the evaluation findings are persons in a position to make decisions about the program, such as partners, funding agencies, coalition members, and the general public or taxpayers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues its long standing dedication to improving the health and wellness of all Americans with the Community Transformation Grant (CTG) program. The CTG program is funded by the Affordable Care Act’s Prevention and Public Health Fund and  awarded $103 million to 61 states and local government agencies, tribes, and territories, and nonprofit organizations in 36 states, along with nearly $4 million to 6 national networks of community-based organizations. Focusing on priorities for change for healthier living is improving health and wellness on tobacco-free living, active living and healthy eating, and high impact quality clinical and other preventive services to prevent and control high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Also, focusing on disease prevention and health promotion that includes social and emotional wellness and healthy and safe physical environments, which facilitate the early identification of mental health needs and access to quality services. Specific community interventions includes; promotes healthy eating by supporting local farmers and developing small grocery stores where people live, protecting people from secondhand smoke exposure, improving community environments to make it safe and easy for people to walk and ride bikes. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization. It coordinates and conducts both epidemiological and laboratory research into the causes of human cancer. IARC main objectives are; to monitor global cancer occurrence, identify the causes of cancer, elucidate the mechanism of carcinogenesis, and develop scientific strategies for cancer control. On February 3, 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released World Cancer Report 2014, a collaboration of over 250 leading scientist from more than 40 countries, describing multiple aspects of cancer research and control. The report says about half of all cancers could be avoided if current knowledge was adequately implemented. The stakeholders are the scientist’s that has been researching for the cure of different types of cancer; patient’s that are suffering and waiting for the cure, and the leadership of the World Health organization that implements the research. The IARC activities are mainly funded by the regular budget contributions paid by its participating states. The regular budget for the 2014-2015 biennium was approved in May 2013 at a level of 40 424 491 EUR. Recent changes in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer has new findings.  Overall, the incidence of head and neck cancer is increasing in women, whereas it is decreasing in men. Chewing tobacco is a newly recognized risk factor of great public health concern. The role of tobacco smoking and alcohol as the source of cancer has been reinforced. Head and neck cancer among women in developing countries should deserve more attention, as the mortality rates appears to be higher than those of women in developed countries. For never smokers and never drinkers, more research needs to be done to identify their risk factor patterns. While it is true that advances is medical science have led to continued improvements in medical care and health outcomes, the effectiveness of management options remains inadequate for informed medical care and health policy decision making. Frequently, the result is below an optimal level or standard and inefficient care as well as unsustainable cost. In order to maintain quality of care and cost containment, evidence of comparative clinical and cost effectiveness is necessary for healthcare organization. Examples of healthcare organization that I previously discussed have the institutional lessons learned from the process that is learn along the way. As Feinstein said â€Å"a strategic plan is not worth the paper it is printed on unless its underlying vision is embedded in the organization’s culture, (Feinstein W.L. The Institutional Change Process). The most essential element of organizational change is the alignment of all relevant stakeholders to the new directions. The following are critical to achieving momentum and the successful implementation of a vision for change such as: updating the executive’s leadership style, increasing staff involvement in achieving organizational plans, helping the board understand the scope of the change, and strengthening the agency-federation relationship. Enthusiasm, persistenc e, and commitment for change by the leadership are key. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Early release, 58(Early release), 1-54. Chang, S., & Collie, C. L. (2009). The future of cancer prevention: will our workforce be ready? Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(9), 2348-2351. Feinstein, W. L. The Institutional Change Process: Lessons Learned Along the Way. Journal of Jewish Communal Service. Jewish Communal Service Association of North America (JCSA), 1999. James, J. (2009). Health Organizations Theory, Behavior, and Development: 273 Saudbery Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Oreg, Shaul; Berson, Yair. Personnel Psychology. Autumn2011, Vol. 64 Issue 3, p627-659. 33p. 1 Diagram, 2 Charts, 1 Graph. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01221.x. , Database: Business Source Elite Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implement Sci, 4(1), 67.